IP Address - 192-168-0-1

IP stands for Internet Protocol and an IP address is a numeric identification for network adapter which exclusively identifies computers on a TCP or IP network. It can be a private address for local area network (LAN) usage, publicly used for the internet or even used for the wide area network (WAN).

Many are aware that 192.168.0.1 is a default and universal IP address used worldwide. There are numerous addresses and this is one located in between 192.168.0.0 and 192.168.255.255. It is an essential matter to be familiar with this address if you're setting up a local area network or using a router. Hence fundamental knowledge about its properties could be very helpful.

A broadband router is an important component of the home network. If you're currently using a broadband connection, you will have a broadband router and will automatically access to this address. This router is mainly used to aid initiation of online connections, games, and cable or DSL connections. A router which uses this address will function effectively as they combine various elements together.

IP Address - 192-168-0-1

Installing a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server and several switches are unnecessary as the present a router is sufficiently capable to process all the data in a lone unit. Although this address is said to be default, the user can be modified by entering it in the web browser and reconfiguring the settings. This is normally performed by administrators to mend connection problems.

It is the nature of the address to be connected only to one device. Using it for another device could cause malfunctioning of the network. Thus it is recommended to restrict connections from other users by setting up a password and establishing necessary reconfigurations.

Similar to other address, 192.168.0.1 can be accessed repeatedly. Although it has limited access to only one device, it can be assigned to multiple networks. This attribute makes it perfect for the usage of linked computers on different networks. Besides being used in broadband routers, it is a default gateway in many computer systems. That is, it is the pathway which allows subnets to relay information to other subnets. It resembles the platform where data is processed and sent to several destinations. The address is usually found in the local area networks, although it can also be used as an internal address.

Like any other addresses, there is possibility that this IP address would encounter problems. Should any elements exist to be malfunctioning; it can be resolved by going directly to the address to detect the problems. Access to homepage would allow the implementations of few things. Here, you can modify the username or password or if a security breach is suspected, you can look into the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or DHCP settings. You are also to perform modem reconfiguration or alter the setup of the local area network.

This information is easily accessible by all users of the network. You would be able to view it at the main page if you are using a device linked to the wireless modem. The 192.168.0.1 is a significant constituent of the network and other connections. Therefore it is not a waste of time to learn about the configurations and how the address works.

IP Address - 192-168-0-1
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Calendaring in California State Court

Calendaring-related errors are the leading cause of malpractice lawsuits, particularly in California, where deadlines come from several sources, including the Code of Civil Procedure, the California Rules of Court, and local rules. Usually, calculating a single deadline requires the application of several codes and rules. A single error, e.g., using an old rule, forgetting to add extra time based on the service method (or adding extra time when you should not), counting calendar days instead of court days, missing a holiday, or simply miscounting, will cause a calendaring error.

I cannot stress enough the importance of using a computerized calendaring program to calculate your deadlines. By computerized calendaring, I do not mean that you manually calculate the deadline and enter it on a calendar on your computer, or that you use an electronic calendar to help you calculate the date that is five days before or after a given date. I mean rules-based computerized calendaring, such as Deadlines On Demand or Abacus Law. With these programs, you simply enter an "event," and they automatically calculate the deadlines for you in accordance with the applicable codes and rules.

Even with rules-based computerized calendaring, however, you need to know how to calendar manually. What if you need to calendar something when your computer is down or inaccessible? What if your computer is fully operational, but you do not know enough to tell it that something needs calendaring? You must know the calendaring steps.

Calendaring in California State Court

Calendaring Steps

Step 1: Identify the triggering event

A "triggering event" is anything which triggers one or more deadlines. A triggering event might be the filing of a document, the service of a document, or an appearance. For example: filing a complaint, serving a complaint, entering default, answering a complaint, serving interrogatories, serving interrogatory responses, a hearing date, a deposition date, settlement, etc. To identify triggering events in your case, assume that everything you file with the court and/or serve on opposing counsel, and everything you are served with, including notices from the court, involves a triggering event, i.e., something needs to be calendared.

Step 2: Identify what is triggered

Once you have recognized that a triggering event has occurred, you need to identify what has been triggered. For example: filing a complaint triggers the deadline to serve defendant and file Proof of Service of Summons, serving the complaint triggers the deadline for defendant to serve the response, a hearing on a motion triggers the deadline to file and serve notice of motion, opposition, and reply. Sometimes deadlines are triggered which are less obvious. Rules-based computerized calendaring may reveal deadlines you would not have thought of on your own. For example, filing a complaint also triggers the last day for plaintiff to challenge the judge assigned to the case, last day to hold case management conference, first day for defendant to make a motion for summary judgment, last day to bring the action to trial.

Step 3: Identify the current codes and rules which apply to the deadlines

Once you have determined what is triggered, you need to identify the current codes and rules governing the applicable deadlines. It is not enough to identify the correct code section or rule number; you must be sure to apply the current deadline in the code section or rule. In California, the codes and rules are "moving targets." The one you memorized last year or the year before may be different today. This is another benefit of rules-based computerized calendaring programs -- they are updated to apply the current code sections and rules.

Step 4: Correctly apply those codes and rules

This is the most difficult part. It requires several steps which must be accomplished in order and painstakingly applied. It involves identifying what to count, how to count, and then actually counting in conformance with certain very specific rules. Again, rules-based computerized calendaring programs do all of this instantly.

Step 4A: Identify the time frame for each triggered deadline

When calculating the due date for a response to a complaint, you have to know that the relevant time frame begins with the effective date of service (and you have to know how to determine the effective date of service). When calculating the due date for responses to written discovery, you have to know that the relevant time frame begins with the date the discovery was served, and ends with the date the responses are to be served.

Once you have identified the time period you need to count, you need to know exactly how to count the days in that time period.

Step 4B: Identify what date to start counting and what date to stop counting

C.C.P. § 12 provides: "The time in which any act provided by law is to be done is computed by excluding the first day and including the last, unless the last day is a holiday, and then it is also excluded." Thus, if interrogatories are served on April 1st (the date, according to the proof of service, that they were mailed, faxed, etc.), in order to calculate the 30-day deadline to respond, you start counting with April 2nd as the first day, April 3rd as the second day, and keep counting until you reach the 30th day, May 1st. So long as the interrogatories were personally served, and so long as May 1st is not a weekend or a holiday, the deadline to serve responses is May 1st.

Step 4B(1): Counting or skipping interim weekends and California holidays

In order to calendar correctly, you must know whether to count or skip weekends and California holidays occurring during the relevant time frame. This depends upon whether you are supposed to count "calendar days" or "court days." In that regard, unless a code or rule specifies "court days," as is the case with notices of motion, oppositions, and replies under C.C.P. § 1005(b), you are supposed to count calendar days. Thus, "five days" means "five calendar days."

Of course, you cannot count court days unless you know the holidays in the court in which your case is pending. You must be very careful to use a calendar which shows the California holidays. In addition to the federal holidays, California celebrates Lincoln's Birthday (February 12th), Cesar Chavez Day (March 31st), and the day after Thanksgiving. For the period September 1, 2009 through June 30, 2010, California courts were also closed on the third Wednesday of each month, and those days were considered holidays for calendaring purposes.

Step 4B(2): Determine the last day - deal with weekends, holidays, and extra time

When calculating the last day to perform an act triggered by the service of a document (e.g., last day to respond to a discovery demand, last day to make a motion to compel further responses to discovery), you must consider how the document which triggered the deadline was served. If it was personally served, there is one procedure; if it was not personally served, additional steps must be taken. In either case, you need to know what happens when the last day to do something lands on a holiday, and you need to know how to determine the "last day."

C.C.P. § 12a(a) provides: "If the last day for the performance of any act provided or required by law to be performed within a specified period of time is a holiday, then that period is hereby extended to and including the next day that is not a holiday." "Holiday" includes all of the California holidays and weekends. Thus, if the last day is a Saturday, the deadline would be extended to Monday, so long as it is not a holiday. If Monday is a holiday, then the deadline would be extended to Tuesday.

(a) For personal service, adjust when the last day falls on a weekend or California holiday

If the 30th day after interrogatories were personally served is a Saturday, this is the "last day" under C.C.P. § 12a(a). Since the last day is a weekend, the due date is extended to the next court day, Monday (unless it is a holiday).

(b) For a triggering document not personally served, first add the applicable extension of time to determine the last day, then adjust when the last day falls on a weekend or California holiday

As a general rule, documents may be served personally (also referred to as service "by hand" or "hand delivery"), by mail, by express mail, or overnight delivery (C.C.P. §§ 1011, 1013), and, so long as the recipient has agreed to accept service by these methods, service generally may be made by fax (C.R.C., Rule 2.306) or electronically (C.C.P. § 1010.6(a)(6) and C.R.C., Rule 2.260). Every method other than hand delivery has associated extensions of time.

These extensions of time are mandated because, for the most part, deadlines and notice periods start running from the date documents are served, not the date they are received by the opposing party. For example, responses to interrogatories are due 30 days after the interrogatories are served; a motion to compel further responses must be filed within 45 days after the responses to interrogatories are served; a deposition may be taken ten days after the notice of taking deposition is served; a motion may be heard 16 court days after notice of the motion is served.

Any method other than personal service will result in a delay between the act of service and the person's actual receipt of the document. In that regard, service by mail is deemed complete upon deposit in a USPS mail box (C.C.P. § 1013(a)), but the papers might not arrive in the recipient's mail for days. Service by fax is deemed complete upon transmission of the entire document to the receiving party's fax machine (C.C.P. § 1013(e) and C.R.C., Rule 2.306(g)), but that does not mean the document will be in the hands of the intended recipient that day. A document served electronically is deemed complete upon transmission (C.C.P. § 1010.6(a)(6)), but it may sit unopened in the recipient's email inbox for hours, if not days.

To obviate any inherent prejudice in this delay in receipt of a document, various extensions of time are added depending upon the type of document served and the method by which it is served. These extensions of time are found in C.C.P. §§1013, 1005(b), and 1010.6. Note: By their own terms, these code sections are not always applicable! Fortunately, rules-based calendaring programs know when they are and when they are not.

Extensions for Service by Mail under C.C.P. § 1013 and 1005(b)

Add five days for service by mail to a person within California; ten days outside California, but within the U.S., and twenty days outside the U.S. These extensions would apply to notice periods for depositions, hearings on motions, and time to respond or act within a given time period.

Extensions for Fax/Overnight Delivery/Express Mail under C.C.P. § 1013 and 1005(b)

C.C.P. §1013 adds two court days; C.C.P. § 1005(b) (for motions only) adds two calendar days. These extensions would apply to notice periods for depositions, hearings on motions, and time to respond or act within a given time period. This two court day vs. two calendar day difference is an unfortunate one, which seems to invite errors. It is easy to forget which period of time you are supposed to add. Sometimes the result will be the same, e.g., when the next two days are non-holiday weekdays, they are both calendar days and court days. However, when one or both of the next two days fall on a weekend or a holiday, there is room for error.

Extensions for Electronic Service

C.C.P. § 1010.6 adds two court days to notice periods and time to respond or act.

Here's how these provisions would extend the time within which to respond to interrogatories, depending upon how they are served: service by mail on a party in California - five extra days; service by fax, overnight delivery or express mail - two extra court days; service by electronic service - two extra court days.

Were the extensions applied to service of a notice of motion, service by mail would extend the period by five days; fax, overnight delivery or express mail would extend the period by two days; and electronic service would extend the period by two court days.

It is at this point in the calendaring process that you provide for the extra days. It is imperative that you know where to add them.

Rule of Thumb

When determining the last day to respond to a document not personally served, the "last day" is determined by counting the number of days allotted pursuant to the applicable code section or rule, and then immediately adding the applicable extension of time. For example, if Saturday, November 14th is the 30th day after service of interrogatories by mail, to determine the "last day," you simply continue counting until you reach the 35th day, November 19th. You do not make any adjustment for the fact that day 30 was a Saturday, because it is not the "last day." If Saturday, November 14th is the 30th day after service of interrogatories by fax, to determine the "last day," you simply continue counting two court days, to Tuesday, November 17th. You do not make any adjustment for the fact that day 30 was a Saturday, because it is not the "last day."

Another Rule of Thumb

When in doubt, serve your responses earlier rather than later, and err on the side of giving more notice rather than less.

As you can see, winding one's way through the California state court calendaring maze is difficult at best. It certainly gets easier with experience, and simple calculations may become almost second nature. However, given the constant changes in the codes and rules, the potential for human error at every step of the way, and the dire results of a missed deadline, rules-based computerized calendaring should be utilized.

Calendaring in California State Court
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Julie A. Goren, Esq. is the author of Litigation By The Numbers-Fourth Edition, a looseleaf updated every January and July with over 440 pages devoted solely to the intricacies of California civil litigation procedure, and the co-author of California Civil Litigation and Discovery, a more substantive text on California litigation. Both books are required texts in numerous courses throughout California, and are widely used in law firms. She developed and teaches the CA Procedures online course in the UC Berkeley Paralegal Program. Julie frequently speaks at paralegal and legal secretary association meetings on the subjects of CA civil litigation, state court calendaring, and changes in procedure. For more information and to view excerpts and testimonials, go to http://www.litigationbythenumbers.com.

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Free Fax to Email Services - Send Your Fax Online Using Email

So what's so great about fax to email services that everyone is talking about? Are they really so great or is it just another trend that comes and goes? This guide is going to help you find out the insider tips on Internet fax service and if they are going to help your business.

Not so long ago, we all needed to use traditional fax machines and a separate phone line to be able to send and receive faxes.

But after fax to email services have been introduced online, using fax has become much easier for personal and business needs. All you need is your computer and Internet access - which you already have - and your easy-to-use Internet fax service. Can it possibly be any easier?

Free Fax to Email Services - Send Your Fax Online Using Email

There are many free and premium online fax software and services available for you to choose from. They come with different features and benefits to choose from.

How to Use Fax to Email Services as Easy as 1, 2, 3

After you sign up for your online fax number - which can be a local number or from many other cities and even countries around the world - you can start sending and receiving faxes. When someone sends a fax to your fax number, it comes straight to your email. You can see it or download it as an attachment.

One important benefit to email fax is that you can access your faxes from anywhere - not just your office. Because unlike traditional fax machines, you can log in to your email from anywhere you wish - from your office, home, or even vacation.

How to Choose the Best Internet Fax Software?

As you may already know, there are various companies that provide online fax services to you. Each of them offer you a unique set of tools and features that you can choose from. Depending on the size of your faxing needs and the options you'd like to have, you can choose the service that is right for you.

If you only like a simple Internet fax software to help you with your personal or small business needs, then you can go with a free fax to email service.

However, if the size of your business and you faxing needs is large, then you can consider upgrading to premium fax services. By making a small investment, you can enjoy a more professional, faster service.

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Part Time Jobs at Home Without Investment Do Exist!

Do real authentic part-time jobs at home without investment actually exist? Finding part-time jobs at home without investment become a major source of frustration and disappointment, with your searches resulting in moneymaking scams designed to take your money and leave you with little or no information and no real "work" to do, except maybe to promote the same scam you yourself just got suckered into!

Finding viable part-time jobs at home without investment truly do exist, and they can be found by reading review sites designed to weed out and expose the businesses that are out to get your money. Further research will help you discover work at home job boards where many truly authentic part-time jobs at home without investment are discussed by individuals who currently are employed and work out of their home. Some of the most common jobs are:

Administrative assistants -- these individuals work in a virtual office setting out of their own home to assist various businesses and organizations in their daily administrative tasks.

Part Time Jobs at Home Without Investment Do Exist!

Customer Service -- these individuals take calls from customers of various businesses and services, placing orders, resolving billing issues, etc.

Freelance writers and photographers -- these individuals are assigned various assignments through businesses that require specific services and are paid according to each assignment.

Medical Transcription -- this area of work require specific training, however there is a substantial need for work at home individuals to perform these tasks.

Sales/telemarketing positions -- these positions are best suited for individuals who enjoy sales and have prior experience dealing with customers. These can be inbound or outbound calls. Product knowledge and training is supplied by the company you will be working for.

These are just a few of the part-time work at home jobs with no investment that do exist, and all it takes to locate them is time and determination. On-the-job training is offered upon hire and you will be trained either online or at a location determined by the employer. In the majority of cases training is paid. The only investment that may be required is setting up your home office which is an absolute necessity. As in any business environment, whether it be home or office, there are a few requirements for maximum function and efficient production. The basic items necessary are an up-to-date computer system with plenty of RAM and a dedicated Internet line such as DSL, or cable. Landline telephone and fax machines are essential for good communication. There are virtual fax services available now that allow faxing through e-mail if you do not wish to have a fax machine in your office. Make sure your work environment is quiet and conducive to a business setting, and preferably located in a secluded area of your home.

Finding a part time work at home job with no investment is much easier than you think! With the current high price of gasoline and inconvenience of having to commute out of your home, with a little savvy and sleuthing on your part, you will soon have the advantage of working in the comfort of your own home.

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History of the Camera

Early cameras of the 16th and 17th century were able to project images onto paper or glass but the study of capturing, processing and printing the images took many more years. Up until the 17th century, scientists believed that light was composed basically of the 'white' that is perceived by the human eye. It took the research done by famous physicist Isaac Newton to discover that light is actually composed of a spectrum of colors. While he made a big contribution to the study of optics (that is at the core of camera advances) with this discovery, Newton did not actually have anything to do with camera development per se.

The early camera that first became a phenomenon was a little more than a pinhole camera and can be traced back to 1558. It was called the Camera Obscura. The Camera Obscura was seen as a drawing tool for a clearer and realistic portrayal of objects. It was in the early 19th century that an invention named the Camera Lucida was introduced by Cambridge scientist William Hyde Wollaston that consisted of an optical device that could help an artist view a distant scene or person or object on a paper surface that he or she was using to draw. In other words the artist gets to view a superimposed image of a subject on paper and this image could be effectively used to attempt to draw, trace or paint it. Both the Camera Obscura and the Camera Lucida provided an image that was temporary, which could not be lastingly captured on to paper for later reference.

Studies however continued well into the 1800's on how to actually capture the image onto material. It was during this time, around 1822 that French researcher Joseph Nicephore Niepce, created the first photograph by using paper that was coated with a chemical. The image would not stay permanently on the paper and would disappear after a short while. Even so, despite the short-lived nature of the image, the concept of photography was born with this experiment and paved the way for further study and development in this field.

History of the Camera

Capturing images to retain them longer and permanently became the next big quest for researchers. Another Frenchman Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre partnered with Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1829, to develop the process of creating permanent photographs. Joseph Niépce died in 1833 but Daguerre continued with the work and succeeded in 1837 after many long years of experimentation. The process of capturing photographic images that would not fade away, introduced by Daguerre came to be known as the 'daguerreotype'.

The word 'photography' was coined by scientist Sir John F.W. Herschel in 1839 and it is actually is derived from two Greek words 'photos' meaning light and 'graphein' meaning draw.

A slightly more advanced version of the daguerreotype called the Calotype process that makes multiple copies possible using the negative and positive method became available very soon after. In fact, it was during the 1840's that the use of photographic images in advertisements first started and cameras made their mark on the power of visual communication. It was not much later, in the 1850's that photographers first started experimenting with underwater photography of seascapes.

Up until 1850, the process of capturing images was cumbersome requiring upto half an hour of light exposure. The discovery made in 1851 by Frederick Scott Archer was a blessing since the new method termed the Collodion process called for just 2-3 seconds of light exposure to capture an image.

Prior to 1871, photographers went through a development process where they had to coat the plate with wet chemical each and every time and process the image immediately. With the invention the gelatin dry plate silver bromide process by Richard Leach Maddox, negatives did not have to be developed immediately. This was an important discovery since up until then the captured image had to be processed instantly.

Kodak created in 1888 by George Eastman has been a modern day pioneer of sorts in cameras and photography for the masses. George Eastman and the scientists who worked with him at Kodak developed the photographic film in 1889 and made it available in rolls for the mass use of consumers. An important milestone in our entertainment and communication history was the development of transparent roll film by Eastman. This development led to another key invention - the motion picture camera by Thomas Edison's in 1891.

-->Modern Times

During the 20th century the pace of technology development in cameras and photography continued at an accelerated pace much like many other key technology developments. While several key inventions like car, telephone and the gramophone record happened in the later half of the 19th century, it is the last 100 years that saw major developmental work in many areas of communications technology and as well as in other fields - TV, aircrafts, PCs, digital technology, digital cameras, mobile phones, fax machines and the internet, to name a few.

In the case of the camera, the developments simplified the whole process of photography, making it accessible to one and all at affordable prices and the camera industry denizens of our times made it into a mass phenomenon. The first mass use camera became available at the turn of the 20th century and can be traced back to the year 1900. There are hundreds of models of cameras available today both for the amateur as well as the professional and the camera is an important part of any family's repertoire of must have gadgets.

-->20th century chronology in the history of the camera:

1913: 35 mm still-camera created

1927: The flash bulb introduced by General Electric Co. (The concept of camera flash existed much before but was based on the use of a flash light powder that was invented by German researchers)

1935- 1941: Kodak starts marketing Kodachrome film and subsequently launches Kodacolor negative film. Canon released the Hansa Canon in 1936, the first 35mm focal-plane shutter camera.

1948: The concept of the Polaroid camera is introduced in the market. American scientist Edwin Land developed the process for instant photography. Later Polaroid Corporation developed the 'instant color' film around 1963.

1957: Frenchman Jaques Yves Cousteau invented the first waterproof 35mm camera for underwater photography named the Calypso Phot. The actual camera was developed by the Belgian airplane technical designer Jean de Wouters based on the blueprint and suggestions given to him by Cousteau.

1972: The electronic camera that does not require film was created and patented by Texas Instruments. This is however not the same as a digital camera though you don't require film in digital cameras as well. The launch of the digital camera is still many years away.

1975: Kodak's experiments with digital imaging kicked off around the mid seventies but it will take another 20 years before a digital camera for the home consumer market is launched.

1978 - 1980: Asian players like Konica and Sony begin to make their mark. The 'point and shoot' automatic focus camera is launched by Konica while Sony starts talking about the camcorder and demonstrates a prototype.

1981: Sony launches a commercially available electronic still camera. Similar to the 1972 invention by Texas Instruments, the Sony electronic camera came with a mini disc on which images were recorded and stored. The recorded images could be later printed or viewed on a monitor using a reader device.

1985: Digital processing technology makes its entry. Digital imaging and processing is introduced by Pixar.

1986: The camera industry becomes even more consumer focused and taps the fun and travel connotations behind camera usage, with the launch of the concept of the disposable single use cameras. Fuji is credited with the development of this concept.

Also in 1986 - 1987, Kodak started taking giant strides in digital development. Digital means, the photographic image is divided into tiny units of dots or squares known as pixels. Pixels are the programmable units of an image that can be processed by computers. Each image could be made up of millions of pixels. The use of pixels in digital technology allows storing large volumes of pixels to deliver high definition print quality.

1990: Kodak introduces Photo CD's. It is a system of storing photographic images on CD and then viewing them on a computer. With this development the user-friendly approach of the camera industry began to take concrete shape.

1991: Kodak introduces a digital camera targeted at professionals and journalists. Kodak is credited with the invention of a pixel based camera technology known to us as the digital camera. Digital cameras don't use film similar to their predecessor electronic cameras but the storage method is entirely different and the final photograph is of much higher resolution. In a digital camera photos are recorded and stored in digital form. This digital data can be transferred to a computer and processed for printing. Kodak and Canon are well known digital camera manufacturers and there are also several other key brands as well.

1994: The Apple QuickTake camera, a home use digital camera is launched. This is followed by the launch of a clutch of home use digital cameras by Casio, Kodak and others in quick succession during 1995 -'96.

-->The digital era:

The development of digital camera technology is considered to be linked to the development of TV and Video technology. The principles of transmission and recording of audio-visual images using digital electrical impulses finds use in camera imaging as well.

Through the 1990's the developments continued in camera technology, the focus now shifting to the field of digital imaging which is where the future lies. Use-friendly features like software that can download digital images directly from camera onto home computers for storing and sharing on the internet is the new norm in the market place.

The camera, the computer, the software industry and the worldwide web are today irrevocably interlinked to empower the user in experiencing the benefits of camera usage to full potential. The innovation that sparked many an invention in the camera industry found its way into the digital world as well and continued among digital camera manufacturers. During 2001, the Kodak and Microsoft partnership ensured that digital camera manufacturers could use the power of Picture Transfer Protocol (PTP) standard through Windows. The digital photo experience is a key visual driver in the Internet era. Many of Kodak digital camera models with EasyShare capabilities are compatible with Windows XP. The Kodak EasyShare software enables users to transfer digital camera pictures directly from camera to their computers and then print the pictures or even email them.

Manufacturers in a related industry like the printing industry have adapted their products to be in sync with the images created by digital cameras. Cell phone manufacturers have tied up with digital camera manufacturers to develop new age camera phones in recent years. These camera phones can capture images and share the images through the cell phone.

Among the 21st century digital developments are the advanced product offerings from digital cameras manufacturers and these are sure to occupy an important place in the ensuing history of camera development. For instance, the Kodak Professional DCS Pro SLR/c is a high-end digital camera and the Kodak website calls the DCS Pro SLR models the most feature-rich digital cameras on the market. It has an image sensor that can handle 13.89 million pixels and this makes it the highest resolution digital camera available. High resolution determines the sharpness or level of detail in photographic images. This is just a glimpse of the capabilities that digital technology places in a user's hands. Digital camera sales figures for 2003 show that the two key players Kodak and Canon have recorded impressive growth.

-->What does the future holds for camera users?

The features offered by digital cameras can be quite mind-boggling for the average user and pretty exciting for most pros. Four key ongoing camera developments that are likely to further improve the process of photography:

1. Greater resolution from even the simplest, low cost camera models

2. Usage in any type of lighting conditions,

3. Compatibility across a range of software, hardware and image types

4. Rich colors and tone

While the higher-end digital evolution continues, the prices of the simple camera have crashed to such an extent that even children and teens are proud owners of uncomplicated cameras. The camera and photography interest starts young and this creates a truly large audience base for the camera industry.

And throughout history, it is evident that the endeavor of researchers and developers has been to make the camera available to a wide section of society. Without camera technology and photography, the other key developments of cinema and TV would have been delayed and what a boring place the world would have been without TV and films!!

History of the Camera
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Brief Due Diligence Report

A due diligence study of a business can be conducted by an accountant or an attorney if the attorney is experienced in the industry of the business and has a background in accounting and finance. The company's financial condition is a big part of the report. Either professional can prepare a short due diligence report consisting of approximately 10 pages.

The due diligence report starts with an executive summary that contains the name of the person who conducted the study and the name and position of the person who asked for the study. The executive summary will outline the steps taken to conduct the study. The executive summary will also list the documents and other items reviewed during the study. Finally, the executive summary will present an overview of the findings of the study.

The due diligence study contains the biography and credentials of the person who conducted the study. The report will outline the steps taken during the study, and the report will describe the specific areas of the business that were part of the study. For example, the report will discuss the company's history and the company's management. Other factors considered are the company's background, the culture and goals, the business strategy, any business awards, media attention, and indications of growth.

Brief Due Diligence Report

In considering the company's culture, the report will state the mission statement and a description of the business model. In considering the company's growth, the report will list gross revenue, industry rankings (if available), number of offices and locations, and any other relevant financial information. The report will address the last 3-5 years of the company's operations.

If there are key indicators of the company's growth such as new offices opened or new technology installed, the report will give that information. If the company had media recognition, the report will give that information also. If the company has been involved in litigation, the report will describe each lawsuit and the outcome. This is usually the concluding portion of the due diligence report.

Jo Ann Joy, Esq., MBA, CEO, Indigo Business Solutions
Copyright 2006 by Indigo Business Solutions. All rights reserved. Indigo Business Solutions is a registered trade name.

Brief Due Diligence Report
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About the Author:

Jo Ann Joy is the CEO and owner of Indigo Business Solutions. She has a law degree, an MBA, and a degree in Economics. She also is a licensed realtor and has contacts in the local real estate industry. Her background includes commercial and real estate law, accounting, financial planning, mortgages, marketing, product development, and business strategies. She ran a successful business for 10 years and has written and given presentations on many different legal and business subjects. She is not a traditional attorney. Rather, she is a strategic business attorney who works closely with clients to create and implement strategies that will greatly improve their performance and success.

Please contact Jo Ann by phone at (602) 663-7007, by fax at (602) 324-7582, by email at joannjoy@Indigo Business Solutions.net, and by mail at 2313 East Ocotillo Rd., Phoenix, AZ 85016

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Fundamentals of Contract Law

No matter where you live in North America, you must have seen some humoristic vignettes depicting a not-so-trustworthy Realtor intent at selling a house to some innocent-looking couple. My favorite vignette, which still makes me chuckle today, goes back to a few years ago when I was practicing real estate at United Realty. It involved a Real Estate Agent of Pompeii Realty, briefcase in hand, in the process of selling a house to an ancient Roman couple sometimes around 100 BC . The house is overlooking Mt. Vesuvius. There is a black, threatening, ominous plume of smoke coming out of the top of the volcano, and the Roman couple looks somewhat startled when the Real Estate Agent - big smile on his face - delivers the punchline: " Plus, with a view like this what could possibly go wrong" !

What is it exactly that you do when you sign a 'contract' . The term 'contract' means a promise or a set of promises made by one person to another, which the Courts will enforce. A contract can contain a number of promises or 'terms' to be performed by either party. The person who makes the promise is called the 'promissor' and the person who can enforce that promise is called the 'promissee' . If the contract contains several mutual promises, each party will be both a promissor and a promissee. Contracts of Purchase and Sale of land and interests in land usually have lots of mutual promises. Contracts are a crucial part of every business transaction, but not nearly as much as in Real Estate. For instance, some contracts are made verbally while others are made by simply exchanging letters or even e-mails. This is not the case in Real Estate, where it is a requirement at Law that contracts be written down in usually lengthy legal forms to avoid uncertainty, ambiguity and to be binding .

A contract has seven essential elements:

Fundamentals of Contract Law

Offer.

Acceptance.

Consideration

Legal Intent.

Capacity.

Legal Object.

Genuine Consent.

Each of these elements must be present for a contract to be binding and enforceable. Let's examine them individually.

OFFER

An offer is the promise made by one party to another. Save and except in Real Estate where the offer must be in writing, an offer can be made in any form. In all circumstances, however, an offer must be made in clear an unambigous terms. If more than one interpretation can be given to an offer, neither interpretation will be followed by the Courts. There are 'unilateral' and 'bilateral' offers. Offers to purchase real property are bilateral, i.e. containing the exchange of mutual promises.

An offer is not made forever. Offers can either be finalized, when all mutual promises are fulfilled. Or they can expire, if not timely accepted. Or they can be released, if one of the parties does not - or cannot - deliver on the promise. Offers can also be revoked after acceptance, unless a term of the offer stipulates that revocation is not allowed.- as it is now the case in British Columbia for offers involving land. A 'counter-offer' is simply an offer from the offeree back to the offeror. The legal effect of a counter-offer is to terminate the original offer and substitute the offer of the offeree. What this means in practicality is that if the counter-offer is not accepted, the offeree cannot try to accept the first offer unless it is tendered again by the offeror. This is a point often times neglected in Real Estate, which has caused several tears to be spilled.

ACCEPTANCE

The acceptance, like the offer, must be given in clear terms. It must be a positive act. For instance, an offer cannot state "If I don't hear from you, I will assume you have accepted". Doing nothing will never be considered legal acceptance. The rule at Law is that where an offer is required by statute to be in writing, then also the acceptance must be in writing in order for the offer to become a contract binding on both parties. Such is the case in Real Estate. An acceptance has no effect until it is communicated to the offeror. Communication can be made by 'instantaneous means' as in the case of telephone or teletype or fax communications, or e-mail or hand-delivery and by 'non-instantaneous means' such as postal mail. The Law gives the responsibility to the offeror to specify how he wants the offer to be accepted. If the offeror chooses a method like slow mail, then he assumes the risks involved in that type of service (such as misdelivery).

CONSIDERATION

For an offer and acceptance to form a contract there must be consideration or the contract must be signed under seal. Consideration is defined as 'some right, benefit or profit accruing to the promissor or some forebearance, detriment, loss or otherwise responsibility suffered by the promissee' . What this means is that the party trying to enforce the contract must have 'paid' something in exchange for the promise of the other party. Consideration must be of real value, but it does not have to be money. For example, a mutual exchange of promises is consideration per se.

LEGAL INTENTION

For a person to be bound to a contract, he must seriously intend to create legal obligations. For example, inviting a guest for dinner would normally not be considered a contract intended to create legal obligations. The Law presumes that there is legal intention in a contract involving total strangers. On the other hand, if the contract is between family members the Law presumes that there is no intention to be so bound (non arm-length transaction). However, this presumption can be reversed if there is evidence to show otherwise.

CAPACITY

Even when all the foregoing essential elements exist, a contract can still be void, voidable or illegal. A void contract is one which is deemed at Law never to have existed. A voidable contract is slightly different: it exists until it is repudiated by one of the parties. An illegal contract is one which is made for an illegal purpose, and which is therefore always void. Examples of voidable contracts are the ones made when one of the parties is an infant, i.e. a minor or under the majority age. In this case the contract can be voided by the infant. Likewise, when one of the parties is legally insane, the contract is voidable. A special case is a contract stipulated when one of the parties is a limited company or corporation. Three questions must be first answered before the contract can be enforceable: 1) whether the corporation does in fact exist and 2) whether it has the capacity to enter into the contract and 3) whether the person signing on behalf of the corporation is, in fact, the authorized signatory.

LEGAL OBJECT

Quite aside from blatantly illegal contracts such as, for examples, contracts to commit a crime or tort until recently here in British Columbia certain other types of contracts where considered illegal. For example, until the mid-80's contracts involving the sale of land made on a Sunday were deemed to be a contravention of s.4 of the Lord's Day Act(now repealed) and, thus, illegal and void. Since then, the Supreme Court of Canada has ruled that the application of s.4 - in fact the entire Lord's Day Act - is unconstitutional in that it infringes on the freedom of conscience and religion guaranteed by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom.

GENUINE CONSENT

If one of the parties makes a misrepresentation or if the contract contains an inherent mistake, the contract may still not be binding. A misrepresentation is, by definition, a statement which is false and which must have induced one of the parties to enter into the contract. A misrepresentation can be innocent, negligent or fraudulent and different remedies are available to the party suffering damages because of the nature of the misrepresentation. If the representation is innocent, the party can sue for rescission of the contract. In the case of negligent or fraudulent misrepresentation, the affected party can sue for damages as well. Although misrepresentation requires a statement to be made, in Real Estate silence too can result in some form of misrepresentation. Disclosure of latent defects is one such example: failure to disclose latent defects on the part of the Seller will not, by itself, affect the consent of the parties but will have similar consequences as misrepresentation.

In the case of inherent mistake, true consent of the parties does not exist. The logic behind this notion is that the parties were negotiating for a subject matter other than the one stipulated in the contract. A specific type of mistake is sometimes referred to as 'non est factum' , Latin for 'this is not my deed' . This occurs when a person executes one form of document thinking the document is something else. Duress and undue influence both affect the genuine consent element of a contract. Duress occurs when a person is forced to enter into the contract against his will. As a result, the Courts will find the contract voidable at his option. Undue influence, on the other hand, is more subtle. Like duress it results in one party losing his free will to contract out. However it occurs more frequently when a person is in a superior or dominant position in relation to another and uses this influential position to induce the other to enter into the contract. Again, if undue influence is found, the contract is voidable at the option of the innocent party.

Luigi Frascati

luigi@dccnet.com

http://www.luigifrascati.com
Real Estate Chronicle

Fundamentals of Contract Law
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Luigi Frascati is a Real Estate Agent based in Vancouver, British Columbia. He is the author of the Real Estate Chronicle, his weblog published online. Luigi holds a Bachelor Degree in Economics and has been practising real estate for the past eighteen years

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Reverse Fax Number - How to Find the Owner of Any Fax Number

You find yourself smiling as you sit down at your desk, turn on your computer and open the Internet. You almost, almost, laugh as you visit a reputable site, type in a number you despise and wait for results. This individual has been plaguing you with fax after fax, wasting your time and patience with obvious attempts for your personal information. It's a scam, and a poor one, and you finally think you can do something about. So you stare at the screen, watch the page change and...

Discover that there are no results to see.

The site that so many claimed to be flawless has just failed you. The number cannot be retrieved.

Reverse Fax Number - How to Find the Owner of Any Fax Number

Suddenly you're not smiling anymore.

The truth is this: there are limits to even the best sites. You will not always be able to find the number you want (which will keep you from reporting it as you want) and you will often find that there is no way to track the subscriber.

Why? Because the number simply isn't listed.

A directory only works when individuals make their numbers public. And, of course, this includes faxes. If it is a private line, it cannot be added to any sort of open record. This is illegal. You will not be able to access any numbers that have been taken from the listing, and you will have to look for them elsewhere. Usually by posting to sites that allow you to ask others to identify the number if they recognize it.

Naturally, this is not the most reliable of methods.

Still, fax numbers are not guaranteed to be within any reverse phone lookup directory. And, if they happen to belong to those trying to solicit you, chances are: you will not be able to track them. You must understand this to keep yourself from going to page after page, trying to find the answer.

Even sites like reverse phone number are not infallible. They have their requirements and, if those are not met, nothing can be done. Know this so there will be no surprises if the fax cannot be traced.

Reverse Fax Number - How to Find the Owner of Any Fax Number
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Terry Taggert writes informational articles about people search, privacy, reverse phone lookups, and other similar topics.

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How to Make Your Computer a Fax Machine

Forget about those big, old-fashioned fax machines that used to take up a lot of space and money to buy supplies and paper, and enter the World of modern faxing through the Internet. With the following information, you can easily learn how to make your computer a fax machine.

Knowing your Internet Faxing Options

The first thing to know is that in order to use your computer for faxing you will need either a fax program or an Internet faxing services. These are the two ways you can start sending and receiving faxes quickly and easily. Out there in the market, you will find different alternatives.

How to Make Your Computer a Fax Machine

Internet Faxing Services

Internet faxing services basically work with a monthly fee, allowing you to send and receive a determined amount of faxes during the month (usually 300 documents), these services are great to control your costs and at the same time to be able to access them through any computer. They also bring additional services like tracking and sometimes even include software.

Faxing Software

Internet faxing software is on the other hand, a desktop solution to the problem of "how to make your computer a fax machine". You will need to install the software, and this program will integrate in your commonly used applications, letting you send faxes through any of them.

Which solution is best to turn your computer into a fax machine? It will depend on your needs really; in any case you can try both services and programs thanks to shareware and free 30 day trials. Go try them!

How to Make Your Computer a Fax Machine
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We invite you to learn more about internet faxing at http://faxsoftwareworld.com/best-fax-software/ where you'll find articles, tips and reviews on the best fax software brands.

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Payday Loan by Phone - No Fax Cash Advance

Payday loan by phone is a quick way to get cash advance when you face an emergency financially. Payday loan is a short term loan that is designed to help you get control of your finances during temporary monetary crisis. The loan application is easy. You can simply phone a payday loan lender and have someone on the other end to complete the application form for you. The money can be available in your bank account within the same day or next.

Ways to Get Payday Loans

There are several ways to obtain fast cash advance through a payday loan. Traditionally, you will have to go to a local loan shop and fill in an application form manually. The downside of this is that you will have to spend time for the trip to the shop. It may become worse if you would have to waste extra time to line up in a queue just to lodge the application form at the counter. There may be several paper works that you would have to enclose along with the application form too. Some of which could be the copy of your driver's license, pay slip stub, electricity bill, etc.

Payday Loan by Phone - No Fax Cash Advance

The quickest way is to submit the loan application form online. You simply follow the link at the end of this article to get access to online payday loan companies. You don't need to fax anything as your details are processed online in a secure environment. You can also pick up the phone and have someone from the company to complete the application form for you, but as you are online already why not you enter your details yourself and submit the form easily.

What are the Requirements?

Unlike any other loans, payday loans are issued by financial institutions that are independent of banks or governments agencies. Given that the loans are meant to help people overcome their cash urgency quickly, payday loan companies generally do not ask for complicated requirements. If you are employed, preferably full-time, and paid on a regular basis then you are likely to get an approval for the loan. In addition to that, you must be a US citizen above 18 years old.

Online payday loans also require you to provide your bank account detail in which your salary is deposited into. This is to allow the loan company to wire transfer the funds directly into your bank account. Also they will need to withdraw some amounts for the repayment automatically out of the same account when you are due to pay back the loan.

Payday Loan by Phone - No Fax Cash Advance
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Click here to get payday loan by phone quickly. Find out an easy way to obtain express payday loan with guaranteed approval.

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